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Wiser Trader Stocks and Options Newsletter ______________________________________________________________________________
Issue No. 79 June 5, 2006 Prescott, Arizona Systems@WiserTrader.com ______________________________________________________________________________
1.0 Trading
Selecting options based on the Black Scholes formula or implied volatility can be quite complicated. There is a simple way to tell which option will give you the highest trading return.
1.1 Delta
When selecting options for trading, it pays to look at the ratio of delta to the options premium. Delta is the dollar amount of a change in the option premium for each dollar change in the underlying stock price. When the stock price moves in the direction of trade, up for calls and down for puts, the highest ratio of delta to the option premium will provide the greatest percentage return on value. It sounds logical. Right?
It might surprise you to know that options having the highest delta do not necessarily provide the highest trading return. The highest values for delta are found when options are deeper in the money. However, premium values increase faster than delta as options move deeper in the money. For options lying farther out of the money, premium values decrease faster than delta. The net result is that the highest ratios of delta to options premiums occur for low priced out of the money options. Of course, one has to check the actual ratio of delta to option premium to be sure to avoid deltas of zero for options that are so out of favor that they receive no bids.
A similar counter intuitive effect concerns expiration dates. Ratios of delta to option premium are highest when the expiration date grows nearer. The option premium declines faster than delta such that the highest delta to premium ratio occurs for near expiration options. Here one has to be wary of exponential declines in premium values during the final month. When trading, you do not want to hold near term expiring options more than a few days.
Many students are taught to select at the money options that are expected to deliver trading profits at least one month before expiration. However, this prevents one from trading options for many higher priced stocks because at the money options with long expirations can be quite expensive. By looking for the highest delta to premium ratios, one can find the highest returns at affordable prices. Values of delta for any option can be found at Etrade.com using the link https://us.etrade.com/e/t/invest/quotesandresearch and selecting “Greeks” in the “Select Chain” pull-down menu.
The listed value of delta takes into account all five elements that the Back Scholes formula takes into account when calculating the fair value of an option:
The actual premium price can be above or below the fair value of an option. By looking at the ratio of delta to the actual premium price, a clear assessment can be made of the probable trading return
1.2 Filter Studies
Continuing with filter performance studies, the latest 1 year period is shown at the bottom of Table 1A. Details of the filters can be found on the web site. Currently we are tracking filter performance with the S&P 500 Index 30-day SMA (simple moving average) relative to its 200-day SMA 1 month prior to the dates listed. The ongoing hypothesis is that although stocks wee selected a year ago, portfolio performance is strongly influenced by behavior of the S&P 500 within the past month.
Table 1A 1 Year Filter Performance Using No Trailing Stop
* Only 2 stocks were filtered for this group
The recent S&P 500 move towards its 200-day SMA is shown in Figure 1. Although the month ago 30 day SMA was 3.8% above the 200 day SMA, the sudden down move took a toll on higher priced growth stocks. Lower priced growth stocks and value stocks faired much better.
FIGURE 1A
The data continues to confirm that stocks selected by either filter do best when the S&P 500 remains several percent above its 200-day SMA for the most recent month. The performance shown in Table 1A is for cases where no trailing stops were used.
1.3 Trailing Stop Settings
Table 1B shows how profits change as trailing stops are widened from -10% to -100%. One factor in such performance is that the S&P 500 has been in a bull market over the past year, all be it with a saw tooth rising wedge pattern. Another factor is the quality of the filters themselves.
Stocks were filtered 1 year ago. In some cases, a fixed nominal trailing stop setting X% can be improved upon by applying a trailing stop to each individual stock based on its highest percentage gain. The variable value applied to stocks individually is,
Variable trailing stop percentage = Highest_%Gain / 3 - X%
This effectively tightens the trailing stop as the stock price rises in order to preserve gains. The variable trailing stop percentage is not allowed to expand wider than -X% or any narrower than -10%. For this group of stocks, fixed and variable trailing stops gave similar results over the past year. A slight improvement is more likely when the trailing stop setting is narrower than -35% in an up trending market. Results depend on market behavior.
Table 1B 1-Year %Gains with Variable and Fixed Trailing Stop Settings
Applying trailing stops to individual stocks is most easily done by putting the data and formulas in an Excel spreadsheet. XLQPlus can then be used to retrieve stock prices automatically from Yahoo and MSN. The spreadsheet then dynamically calculates stop loss settings and when it is time to buy, hold or sell. An automated spreadsheet named “Portfolio Tracking” that does this is now available as a free download at http://www.wisertrader.com/excel.php .
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1 month |
1 wk ago |
2 wks ago |
3 wks ago |
4 wks ago |
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Dow Jones Industrial Index |
-2.8% |
-0.3% |
1.2% |
-2.1% |
-1.7% |
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NASDAQ Composite Index |
-5.3% |
0.4% |
0.8% |
-2.2% |
-4.2% |
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S & P 500 Index |
-2.8% |
0.6% |
1.0% |
-1.9% |
-2.6% |
|
NYSE Composite Index |
-3.8% |
0.8% |
0.8% |
-2.8% |
-2.6% |
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Russell 2000 Index |
-5.7% |
1.1% |
1.0% |
-2.7% |
-5.0% |
|
HGX, Phil. Housing Index |
-10.9% |
-1.9% |
0.1% |
-4.4% |
-5.1% |
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IYR, Real Estate |
-0.9% |
2.2% |
1.7% |
-1.5% |
-3.2% |
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GLD, GOLD |
-6.6% |
-2.5% |
-0.7% |
-7.8% |
4.6% |
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RKH, Banking |
-3.3% |
1.4% |
0.7% |
-1.9% |
-3.4% |
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IYT, Transportation |
-3.8% |
1.8% |
1.1% |
-4.2% |
-2.4% |
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SMH, Semiconductors |
-9.0% |
1.2% |
-2.8% |
-2.1% |
-5.6% |
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BBH, Biotechnology |
1.7% |
0.9% |
2.3% |
0.4% |
-1.9% |
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OIH, Oil Infrastructure |
-5.9% |
3.5% |
2.9% |
-7.4% |
-4.6% |
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XLE, Energy |
-4.0% |
2.6% |
2.0% |
-4.8% |
-3.6% |
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XLU, Utilities |
1.1% |
2.9% |
1.7% |
-0.5% |
-2.9% |
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XLB, Materials |
-5.3% |
0.8% |
1.0% |
-4.6% |
-2.5% |
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XLI, Industrial |
-3.8% |
0.6% |
0.3% |
-2.5% |
-2.1% |
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XLK, Technology |
-5.5% |
-0.2% |
0.8% |
-1.8% |
-4.3% |
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XLV, Healthcare |
0.4% |
1.1% |
0.9% |
-0.4% |
-1.3% |
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XLF, Financials |
-2.7% |
0.9% |
1.0% |
-1.8% |
-2.8% |
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XLP, Consumer Staples |
-0.4% |
-0.5% |
2.0% |
-0.2% |
-1.6% |
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XLY, Consumer Discretionary |
-1.8% |
0.9% |
0.0% |
-1.2% |
-1.5% |
The VIX and VXN volatility indexes are listed in Table 2B.
Table 2B
Volatility
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Indicator |
Current |
Last Week |
2 Weeks Ago |
Complacent |
Cautious |
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VIX ** |
14.3 |
14.3 |
17.2 |
< 20 |
> 50 |
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VXN *** |
18.4 |
18.6 |
21.0 |
< 30 |
> 70 |
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** Below 20 day SMA = Short-term buy signal. *** Below 20 day SMA = Short-term buy signal. |
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Figure 2A compares the major averages with key ETF’s and Sector SPDR’s.
FIGURE 2A
Table 2C Market Summary Industries are listed according to the Dow Jones Classification System
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3.0 Procedure
The following watch lists contain stock candidates for consideration. They are not necessarily trades. Categories include checklists for insider buying and cash rich companies, as well as, filters that employ stock picking methods used by master traders. The information is not meant to imply any endorsement or sponsorship by these master traders.
Current stock rankings are based on the degree to which stocks are overbought or over sold based on the 28-period Williams %R for the past two trading days. Two columns are labeled “%R1” and “%R2” with “%R2” indicating the Williams %R for the most recent trading day. Of course, values more negative than -80 are oversold and those less negative than -20 are overbought.
One should keep in mind that oversold stocks are not necessarily ready to move upward. They could very well be in a condition of continuous decline. The lists are meant to serve as a starting point for further due diligence.
A column labeled “Monthly % Gain” was added to show the inverse relationship between price action over the past month and the Williams %R. The change from a 10-period Williams %R with a weekly percent change to a 28-period Williams %R with a monthly percent change was done to reflect a longer term view.
The “Reference” is the date that a stock passed the indicated filter and was first added to or returned to the list. The “% Change” is how the price has changed since the reference date. Stocks that are down 10% or more after being listed are removed for a period of about two months. The “% from Max” is the percentage the price has declined from the maximum price reached since the reference date. Stocks that are down 8% from their highs after being listed are flagged in yellow. Stocks that are down 15% from their highs after being listed are removed for two months. More information on filters is available on the web site.
A performance summary of filtering techniques for checklists and master trader selection methods is given in Table 3A.
Table 3A Stock Filter Summary
Key
Companies that have experienced net insider buying within the past 6 months of 5% or more of issued stock are listed in Table 3B. These stocks should also appear in one of the master trader screens or meet additional screening criteria before being given serious consideration. This list is a mixture of stocks that are optionable and those that are not.
Table 3B Net Insider Buying Check List
Companies with net cash positions that comprise at least 40% of their share price are listed in Table 3C. These stocks should also appear in one of the master trader screens or meet additional screening criteria before being given serious consideration. Again, this list is a mixture of stocks that are optionable and those that are not.
Table 3C Capital Rich Companies Check List
Table 3D was added to contain companies having a low price to free cash flow (P-FCF) less than 5. Companies having P-FCF less than 10 are typically capable of financing the purchase of all their outstanding shares of stock.
Table 3D Price to Free Cash Flow Companies Check List
For the Peter Lynch style screen in Table 3E, the number of selections is reduced by selecting only optionable stocks having P/E’s less than 30.
Table 3E Peter Lynch Value Watch List
For the Growth Momentum screen in Table 3F, the number of selections is reduced by selecting only optionable stocks having P/E’s less than 30.
Table 3F Growth Momentum Watch List
The filter for Warren Buffet style stock picking in Table 3G is for the intermediate to long term. Two requirements were added. One was to include only optionable stocks in order to find LEAPS opportunities. The other requirement was to include only those stocks having a PE of 17 or less.
Table 3G Warren Buffett Value Watch List
Stocks from Benjamin Graham’s style of utility investing are listed in Table 3H. A requirement was added to include only those stocks having a PE of 17 or less.
Table 3H Benjamin Graham Utility Watch List
Optionable stocks from John Templeton’s style of investing are listed in Table 3I.
Table 3I John Templeton Watch List
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